Ruslan Rakhmetov, Security Vision
Dear friends, when learning the basics of information security - whether at a university, at a refresher course, or on your own - a newcomer inevitably has a lot of questions about the basic terms and definitions used in cybersecurity. In this article, we will define the most common cybersecurity terms and definitions, but where possible, we will try to explain the terms in simple language and avoid unnecessary clericalisms. It should also be noted that when developing any documents (e.g., internal regulatory documents in a company), an official glossary should be used, so we can recommend using a list of the most basic terms from the following documents:
- Standard GOST R 50922-2006 ‘Information Protection. Basic terms and definitions’;
- Standard GOST R 53114-2008 ‘Information Protection. Provision of information security in the organisation. Basic terms and definitions’;
- Standard GOST R 59709-2022 ‘Information protection. Computer Incident Management. Terms and definitions’;
- Recommendations on standardisation R 50.1.053-2005 ‘Information technologies. Basic terms and definitions in the field of technical protection of information’;
- Recommendations on standardisation R 50.1.056-2005 ‘Technical protection of information. Basic terms and definitions’;
- Federal Law No. 149-FZ dated 27.07.2006 ‘On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection’;
- Federal Law of 27.07.2006 No. 152-FZ ‘On Personal Data’;
- Federal Law dated 26.07.2017 No. 187-FZ ‘On the security of critical information infrastructure of the Russian Federation’.
So, let's move on to the main definitions in the field of information security:
Information protection is ensuring the integrity, confidentiality, availability of information.
Information security (or information security, abbreviated as IS) is a state of information security, when its integrity, confidentiality, availability are ensured.
Integrity of information is a state of information in which it either remains unchanged or changes are made only by those who have the right to do so.
Confidentiality of information is a state of information in which only those who have appropriate access rights have access to it.
Availability of information (resources of the information system) is a state of information (resources of the information system) in which those who have the necessary access rights can realise them without hindrance.
Access rights are the authority of a user or an entity (for example, a programme or a device) to process information - read, write, change, copy, transfer, delete.
An access subject is a user or entity that performs information processing in accordance with the access rights assigned to them.
Access object is information or a resource of the information system (for example, a file or a record in a database) with which the access subject interacts in accordance with the access rights assigned to it.
Asset (information asset) is information or a resource of an information system that has value for the organisation, is used to achieve the organisation's goals, and is the object of protection and cyberattack to violate security properties.
A cyberattack (computer attack) is a targeted malicious impact on an asset to disrupt its normal functioning and/or to realise an IS threat to the information processed by the resource.
An IS incident is an IS event (or a group of events) that may lead or has already led to a successful cyberattack, disruption of an information asset, or damage to the company's interests.
An IS event is a recorded change in the state of an information asset that may be the cause of an IS incident.
Damage from the realisation of a cyber attack is the negative consequences for the interests and well-being of the company. Damage can be direct or indirect:
1) direct damage is the direct and easily predictable losses of the company, such as loss of intellectual property rights, disclosure of trade secrets, reduction in the value of assets or their partial or complete destruction, legal costs and payment of fines and compensation, etc.;
2) indirect losses are indirect and difficult to predict qualitative or indirect losses of the company:
2a) qualitative losses are, for example, suspension or reduction in the efficiency of the company's operations, loss of customers, reduction in the quality of goods produced or services rendered;
2b) indirect losses are, for example, lost profits, loss of business reputation, additional expenses incurred.
An information security threat (cyber threat, IS threat) is a set of conditions and factors that create a risk of information security breach and are a potential cause of an IS incident.
The realisation of an IS threat is a combination of conditions and factors that lead to the occurrence of an IS incident.
Threat modelling is the identification of all threats that can cause damage to the company and the attack vectors that can be used by threat sources to cause damage.
An IS threat can occur when there is:
1) a threat source,
2) the vulnerability of the asset,
3) the way in which the threat is realised,
4) the target of exposure,
5) malicious impact and its consequences.
1. threat source is the entities (intruders, third parties, technical means, physical phenomena, natural forces) that cause the emergence of a threat to information security.
Intruders may be external or internal to the object of protection under consideration:
1) external intruders are subjects who do not have legitimate access to the object of protection. They are not employees of the company, legitimate users of internal information systems, outsourcers, contractors, suppliers, customers and other persons who have valid legal relations with the organisation in question;
2) insiders (or insiders, from the English insider) are employees and managers of the company, as well as legal entities that have a valid legal relationship with the company. They have good knowledge of the operation of the resource under attack and have or can gain access to it, often authorised and with extended powers. Insiders are roughly divided into:
- negligent, who may realise IS threats unintentionally,
- saboteurs, who disrupt the company's business processes due to their disloyalty,
- resigning employees, who seek to keep confidential work information for use in their new jobs,
- the targeted, who may be deliberately introduced by competitors for business intelligence.
Intruder modelling is an assessment of the danger of attackers, taking into account whether they have the means, motives, capabilities to carry out cyber threats, and the attractiveness of a particular company to attackers.
2. Vulnerability is a weakness in an asset or control and management tool that can be exploited by attackers to realise information security threats. Vulnerability is characterised by the degree of danger, including the ease of exploitation (use) of the vulnerability and its impact on information security properties (confidentiality, integrity, availability).
3. Threat implementation method is the threat source's use of identified vulnerabilities, violations and errors in the company's technical and organisational processes, control and management deficiencies to have a malicious impact on the protected object. Threat implementation methods can also be classified by the tactics, techniques, and procedures of cyberattacks used by attackers (abbreviated as TTPs, from Tactics, Techniques, Procedures).
4 The target is people, information, processes and technologies, including development, production and delivery processes, data transmission channels, software and hardware, and information system components. For example, attackers send phishing links to employees to implement cyberattacks using social engineering methods, launch encryption viruses to obtain a ransom for decrypting data or not disclosing stolen information, infiltrate software development processes to embed a virus in the next software update, and connect hardware keyloggers (devices for the unauthorised capture of information) to computers.
5. Malicious influence is a direct cyberattack, such as DDoS attack, data theft, infection with an encryption virus, and theft of funds. Malicious impact leads to consequences in the form of damage to the interests and well-being of the company.
Information security risk (IS risk, cyber risk) is the potential for asset vulnerabilities to be exploited by a specific threat to cause damage to the company. There are the following ways to handle cyber risk:
1) ignore - but this will sooner or later lead to a successful cyber attack,
2) accept - with a considered and collegial judgement, this is acceptable for non-significant risks or risks that cannot be handled in any other way,
3) avoid - avoiding the implementation or use of certain risky technologies, but the productivity of the company's processes may suffer,
4) transfer - use of cyber insurance services,
5) minimise - implementation of cyber security strategy, implementation of information protection measures (organisational, technical, physical), installation and operation of information protection equipment.
Information protection means (abbreviation: IPS or IPS) against unauthorised access/impact is a technical, software or software-technical means designed to prevent or significantly impede unauthorised access/impact on information or information system resources.
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